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$B    l-^l    3Efl 


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DO' 

BUM,  KNOWLEDGE  ^^D  K^I^Fp. 


^mnnii 


OF  THK 


Y0OTP3'  M]il\iinY(Y 


OF 


I.  0.  B.  B.  r;  .V.  i  \v'(]^k\' 


ADOPTED 

BY 

DISTRICT  GRAND  I,ODGK,  No.  4,  I.  O.  B.  B. 
January  30th,  1895. 


TITLES  OF  OFFICERS. 


Presiding  officer Preceptor 

Assistant  presiding  officer Vice  Preceptor 

Junior  past  presiding  officer Mentor 

I^owest  officer  in  line  of  promotion Guide 

C4.         A     r  Ar\.    r   A  Right  I^evite 

Stewards  of  the  Lodge ^^^  LeviTE 

Keeper  of  the  treasury Treasurer 

Keeper  of  the  records Secretary 

-p.      ;   /  '  '  c  •  '    '  Inner  Sentinei, 

Doorkeepers,...-..,. OuTER  SenTinei, 

A.'dmJnistratLve  officers Three  Trustees 


V 


FORM  OF  LODGE. 


Secretary. 


M 


PRECEPTOR. 


BIBLE. 


Treasurer. 


LEFT  LEVITE. 


RIGHT  LEVITE. 


Inner  Sentineiv. 


VICE  PRECEPTOR. 


Outer  Sentinei.. 

442412 


INSTRUCTIONS. 


The  officers  of  a  Lodge  should  commit  to  memory  their  parts 
<of  the  Ritual. 

The  business  of  a  Lodge  must  be  transacted  in  secret  session. 
Social  and  intellectual  entertainments  may  be  held  with  open 
doors. 

The  only  portion  of  the  Ritual  which  may  be  used  in  public, 
is  the  installation  ceremony.  The  signs,  however,  must  then  be 
omitted. 

Care  should  be  taken  that  none  but  colleagues,  and  members 
of  the  B'nai  B'rith  in  good  standing,  be  present  at  meetings. 
Visiting  colleagues  from  sister  Lodges  should  either  be  vouched 
for,  or  have  credentials  entitling  them  to  admission. 

A  Lodge  must  be  provided  with  the  necessary  books,  station- 
ery and  paraphernalia,  before  it  can  be  properly  organized. 
One  of  the  most  important  books  a  Lodge  must  have,  is  a 
Declaration  Book,  in  which  must  be  entered  the  declaration  of 
the  candidate,  as  required  by  the  Ritual. 


OPENING  CF  THE  lX>DdtR"'" 


[When  the  hour  of  meeting  has  arrived,  the  Preceptor,  or,  in 
his  absence,  the  Vice  Preceptor,  takes  the  chair.  If  both  be 
absent,  the  Mentor  presides.] 

[The  presiding  officer  is  authorized  to  fill  vacancies  tem- 
porarily.] 

PrKCKptor. — Colleagues,  please  be  seated.  The 
oflficers  will  please  take  their  stations.  The  Inside 
Sentinel  will  close  the  door  of  the  Lodge  room. 

Insidk  Skntinki<. — ^The  door  is  closed. 

Prkckptor. — The  Levites  will  satisfy  themselves 
that  all  present  are  entitled  to  remain. 

[The  Levitesmake  the  necessary  examination,  and  report  the 
result  to  the  Preceptor.] 

Right  I^kvite. — Preceptor,  we  find  all  present  en- 
titled to  remain. 

[Each  oflBcer  rises  and  gives  the  signal  of  salutation  when  ad- 
dressed by  the  Preceptor,  and  remains  standing  until  the  signal 
to  be  seated  is  given.] 

Preceptor. — Vice  Preceptor,  as  members  of  the 
Auxiliary  of  the  Independent  Order  of  B'nai  B'ritb, 
what  are  our  obligations  ? 

Vice  Preceptor. — To  foster  Duty,  cherish  Kfiow- 
ledge  and  champion  our  holy  Faith, 


Pr^C2^toJ?i.-'-Kow  '  ca^n  :these  results  be  best 
attained  ? 

ViCK  Prkckptor. — By  forming  bands  of  brethren, 
uniting  our  efforts,  inspiring  one  another  with  zeal, 
and  acting  in  a  manner  that  will  glorify  God's  name 
and  shed  luster  upon  Israel. 

PrKCEJptor. — Have  we  not  begun  our  work  in  the 
right  manner  ?     Are  we  not  united  ? 

ViCK  Prkckptor. — We  are.  Under  the  authority 
of  the  I.  O.  B.  B.,  we  are  a  legally  constituted 
Lodge,  have  a  duly  installed  Board  of  Officers,  and 
are  now  lawfully  assembled  for  the  transaction  of 
business. 

Prkceptor. — That  the  business  of  this  Lodge  may 
be  conducted  with  efficiency  and  decorum,  I  will  as- 
certain whether  the  officers  are  proficient  in  their 
duties.     Inside  Sentinel,  what  are  your  duties  ? 

Inside  Skntinki.. — To  guard  the  inside  door  and 
allow  no  one  to  enter  without  the  term  password,  un- 
less I  know  him  to  be  a  colleague,  or  he  be  vouched 
for  as  a  Ben  B'rith. 

Preceptor. — Levites,  what  are  your  duties  ? 

Right  Levite. — To  prepare  the  Lodge  room  for 
meeting  and  initiation,  to  see  that  no  intruder  be 
present  at  our  assemblages,  and  perform  such  other 
duties  as  may  be  required. 

Preceptor. — Guide,  what  are  your  duties? 

Guide. — To  assist  at  the  introduction  of  candidates, 
and  to  prepare  them  for  initiation. 


—  7  — 

PrKCKptor. — Mentor,  what  are  your  duties  ? 

Mkntor. — To  invoke  God's  blessing  upon  our  as- 
semblages, to  prepare  candidates  for  their  duties,  and 
to  assist  in  the  exemplification  of  our  Ritual. 

PrKCKptor. — Treasurer,  what  are  your  duties? 

Trkasurkr. — To  receive  moneys  from  the  Secre- 
tary, and  hold  the  same  for  the  Lodge,  unless  other- 
wise directed. 

Preceptor. — Financial  Secretary,  what  are  your 
duties  ? 

FiNANCiAi,  Secretary. — To  keep  the  accounts  of 
the  colleagues  in  a  strict  and  business-like  manner. 

Preceptor. — Recording  Secretary,  what  are  your 
duties  ? 

Recording  Secretary. — To  keep  the  minutes  of 
the  Lodge  and  attend  to  the  correspondence. 

[Where  there  is  but  one  Secretary  the  following  formula  is 
observed.] 

[Preceptor. — Secretary,  what  are  your  duties? 

Secretary. — To  keep  the  accounts  of  the  col- 
leagues in  a  strict  and  business-like  manner;  also,  to 
keep  the  minutes  of  the  Lodge  and  attend  to  the  cor- 
respondence.] 

Preceptor. — Vice  Preceptor,  what  are  your  duties  ? 

Vice  Preceptor. — To  preside  in  the  absence  of 
the  Preceptor  and  to  assist  him  in  the  duties  of  his 
ofl&ce. 


Preceptor. — What  are  the  duties  of  the  Preceptor  ? 

Vice  Preceptor. — To  preside  impartially,  enforce 
the  Laws  of  the  Auxiliary  and  of  the  B'nai  B'rith,  to 
promote  our  principles  and  guard  our  interests. 

Preceptor. — Vice  Preceptor,  as  we  believe  with 
our  fathers  in  the  divine  inspiration  of  the  holy  scrip- 
tures and  the  teachings  contained  therein,  it  is  our 
duty  as  Israelites  to  continue  to  draw  spiritual 
strength  from  that  source.  You  will  now  proceed 
with  the  reading  of  a  part  of  the  holy  scriptures,  as  is 
customary  among  our  people. 

[Preceptor  gives  the  signal  to  the  colleagues  to  rise.] 
[The  Vice  Preceptor  steps  down  from  his  station  and  takes  his 
stand  between  the  lycvites.  They  halt  a  moment  and  then  to- 
gether in  solemn  step  walk  to  the  center  of  the  hall  in  front  of 
the  altar.  The  Vice  Preceptor  reads  aloud  a  short  portion  from 
the  scriptures.  The  Levites  stand  at  the  side  of  the  altar, 
facing  each  other.  The  three  remain  in  position  until  the 
Mentor  has  delivered  a  prayer,  when  they  return  to  their 
stations  in  the  same  manner.] 

Preceptor. — The  Mentor  will  invoke  the  favor  of 
our  Heavenly  Father. 

Mentor. — Eternal  God,  Thou  art  one;  and  before 
Thee  there  is  none  else.  Thou  art  the  center  of  all 
life,  the  source  of  all  power,  and  the  fountain  of  all 
wisdom.  We  are  ever  drawn  nearer  to  Thee  by  the 
consciousness  of  our  dependence,  and  our  faith  in 
Thee  is  ever  growing  stronger  by  the  knowledge  of 
Thy  goodness  and  love.      We  beseech  Thee,  O  God, 


teach  us  to  realize  the  solemnity  of  our  duties,  and 
help  us  to  carry  on  the  work  before  us  in  order  and 
harmony.  Bless  this  assemblage.  Bless  the  Order 
of  B'nai  B'rith.  Bless  our  parents  and  guardians, 
and  grant  aid  and  protection  to  all  who  pray  for  it. 
Amen. 

Preceptor. — I  now  declare   the  Lodge  open  for 
the  transaction  of  business. 

[Signals  to  be  seated.] 

[The  Lodge  proceeds  with  the  regular  order  of  business.] 


CLOSING  THE  LODGE. 


Preceptor. — Vice  Preceptor,  the  Lodge  has  fin- 
ished its  business  and  is  now  ready  to  adjourn.  You 
will,  therefore,  give  the  colleagues  a  parting  lesson. 

[Gives  the  signal  to  rise.] 

Vice  Preceptor. — Colleagues,  as  we  are  about  to 
return  to  our  homes,  and  mingle  again  with  friends 
and  associates,  to  whom  the  work  of  our  school  is  a 
secret,  I  admonish  you  to  regulate  your  daily  lives  in 
conformity  with  our  teachings.  Honor  your  parents, 
respect  your  teachers,  be  faithful  to  your  employers 
and  kind  to  your  associates.  Above  all,  let  your  con- 
duct as  Israelites  be  such  as  not  to  cause  censure. 
Colleagues,  remember:  Duty,  Knowledge  and  Faith. 

[While  the  Vice  Preceptor  repeats  the  motto,  all  present 
join  him  in  giving  the  signs  of  the  Auxiliary.] 

Preceptor. — Mentor,  again  invoke  the  favor  of 
our  Heavenly  Father. 

Mentor. — O  Lord,  as  Thou  has  been  with  us  this 
hour  in  our  deliberations  and  our  common  work,  so 
mayst  Thou  grant  us  severally  Thy  assistance  in  the 
performance  of  our  individual  duties.  Be  with  us  in 
our  daily  walks  of  life,  and  sustain  us  in  all  good  re- 
solutions.    Give  us  health  and  strength  to  overcome 


—  II  — 

all  obstacles  that  might  stand  in  oiir  path  to  honorable 
manhood.     Amen. 

[  Or  this  Prayer  may  be  read  if  desired.] 

O  lyord,  as  at  the  opening  of  this  I^odge  we  craved 
Thy  blessing,  so  do  we  now,  as  we  are  about  to 
separate,  pray  Thee  for  Thy  guidance.  Be  with  us  in 
our  daily  life,  sustain  us  in  all  good  resolutions.  Give 
us  health  and  strength  to  conquer  all  obstacles  that 
may  stand  in  our  path  to  honorable  manhood.    Amen. 

PrKCKpTor. — Levites,  you  will  now  collect  the 
rituals,  hymn  books  and  paraphernalia,  and  place 
them  upon  the  altar. 

[The  I^evites  attend  to  this  duty  and  resume  their  stations.] 

PrKCKptor. — I  now  declare  the  I^odge  closed. 
[Raps.]  Inside  Sentinel,  you  may  now  open  the  door 
and  allow  the  colleagues  to  depart. 


PRELIMINARY     PROCEEDINGS     TO    THE 
INTRODUCTION  OF  A  CANDIDATE. 


The  Preceptor,  having  been  informed  that  a  candidate  is  in 
waiting  in  the  ante-room,  instructs  the  Guide  and  Secretary  to 
retire  and  take  the  following  declaration  from  the  candidate. 

GuiDK. — What  is  your  name? 

What  is  your  age  ? 

Do  you  attend  school  ? 

If  so,  do  you  attend  Grammar  or  High  School? 

Are  your  parents  living  ? 

Do  you  live  with  them  ? 

If  not,  with  whom  do  you  live  ? 

What  pursuit  in  life  would  you  prefer  to  follow  ? 

Have  you  ever  been  refused  admission  into  an  Aux- 
iliary Lodge  ? 

If  so,  where  ? 

Have  you  ever  been  a  member  of  an  Auxiliary  Lodge 
before?  If  so,  in  what  manner  did  you  cease 
to  be  a  member  ? 

Date 

Signature  of  the  Secretary 

Signature  of  the  Candidate 

[The  Guide  and  Secretary  then  return  to  the  Lodge,  where- 
upon the  Secretary  reads  the  answers  as  given  by  the  candi- 
date, and  if  no  objection  is  raised,  the  Preceptor  instructs  the 
Guide  to  again  retire  and  introduce  the  candidate.] 


CEREMONY  OF  INTRODUCTION. 


Guide. —        *        *        >k 

'i 

Insidk  Sentinel. — Who  desires  admission  ? 

Guide. — The   Guide   with   the   candidate,  Master 

,  who  seeks  knowledge,  and  expects  to 

find  it  in  this  assemblage  of  Jewish  youths. 

Inside  Sentinel  to  the  Vice  Preceptor. — The 

Guide  with  the  candidate,  Master ,  who 

seeks  knowledge,  and  expects  to  find  it  in  this 
assemblage. 

Vice  Preceptor. — Admit  them. 

[The  Preceptor  gives  the  signal  to  rise.  The  Guide  escorts 
the  candidate  once  around  the  room,  during  which  an  appropri- 
ate hymn  may  be  sung  or  the  organ  played.  He  halts  before 
the  Vice  Preceptor.] 

Vice  Preceptor. — Guide,  whom  have  you  here  ? 

Guide. — Master  ,  a  candidate,  who  seeks 

knowledge,  and  therefore  desires  to  join  us. 

Vice  Preceptor. — Have  you  expressed  a  desire  to 
join  the  Youths'  Auxiliary  of  the  Independent  Order 
of  B^nai  B'rith? 

Candidate. — I  have. 

Vice  Preceptor. — Are  you  sincere  in  this  desire  ? 

Candidate. — I  am. 

[The  Preceptor  gives  the  signal  to  be  seated.] 


—  14  — 

VicK  Preceptor. — Every  youth  seeking  admission 
into  the  ranks  of  the  Youths'  Auxiliary,  must  render 
himself  qualified  by  satisfactorily  and  voluntarily  de- 
claring: First,  his  pride  in  the  historical  achieve- 
ments of  our  people;  Second,  his  loyalty  to  Juda- 
ism; and  Third,  his  willingness  to  obey  the  laws 
of  the  Auxiliary,  as  constituted  by  the  Order  of 
B'nai  B'rith.  In  compliance  with  our  laws,  you  will 
now  be  placed  under  the  tuition  of  the  Guide,  who 
will  instruct  you  in  the  principal  teaching  of  Juda- 
ism, your  duties  as  a  Jew  and  the  mission  of  the  Aux- 
iliary. Study  these  things  intelligently  and  diligently, 
and  if  thereafter  you  still  desire  to  join  us  and  remain 
firm  in  your  purpose  to  support,  promote  and  cham- 
pion those  teachings,  you  may  come  again.  We  will 
then  admit  you  into  our  school  and  confer  upon  you 
the  rights  of  a  colleague.  With  Moses'  charge  to 
Joshua:  Chasak  V Ametz.  Be  strong  and  of  good 
courage, — strong  in  your  convictions  and  courageous 
in  defending  them,  do  we  dismiss  you  now,  to  wel- 
come you  again  at  a  future  time. 

[The  Preceptor  gives  the  signal  to  rise.] 

[The  Guide  again  escorts  the  candidate  around  the  room  in 
the  direction  leading  to  the  door  of  the  ante-room,  during  which 
the  or^an  may  be  played.  The  candidate  is  dismissed,  the 
Preceptor  gives  the  signal  to  be  seated,  and  the  lyodge  proceeds 
with  the  regular  Order  of  Business.] 


INITIATION. 


[The  Guide  reports  that  Master ,  who  was  duly 

introduced  in  this  lyodge,  is  in  waiting  in  the  ante-room,  pre- 
pared and  ready  for  initiation.] 

Preceptor. — Guide,  you  will  then  retire  and  in- 
troduce the  candidate. 

[During  the  absence  of  the  Guide,  the  Levites  place  the  para- 
phernalia in  front  of  the  Preceptor's  desk,  provide  the  col- 
leagues with  copies  of  the  hymn,  and  in  every  way  see  that  the 
lodge-room  is  in  order  for  initiation.  The  Mentor  seats  him- 
self to  the  right  of  the  Preceptor,  while  the  Vice  Preceptor 
takes  the  seat  to  the  left  of  the  Chair.] 

[The  Preceptor  addresses  the  Lodge  as  follows:] 

Another  Jewish  youth  is  about  to  join  us.  Again 
will  the  lessons  of  our  Ritual  be  rehearsed.  I  ad- 
monisb  you  to  listen  attentively  to  its  precepts  and 
take  them  to  heart. 

Guide.—        *        *        ^fc 

Inside  Sentinel. — Who  asks  for  admission  ? 

Guide. — Master  ,  wbo  has  been  duly 

introduced  into  this  school  and  properly  instructed, 
and  who  now  desires  to  be  initiated  and  declared  a 
colleague. 

Inside  Guardian  to  the  Preceptor. — Master 

,  who  has  been  duly  introduced  into  this 

school  and  properly  instructed,  and  who  now  desires 
to  be  initiated. 


—  i6  — 
Preceptor. — Admit  him. 

[The  Preceptor  gives  the  signal  to  rise.] 

[The  Guide  escorts  the  candidate  twice  around  the  room, 
during  which  an  appropriate  hymn  may  be  sung  or  the  organ 
played.     He  halts  the  candidate  before  the  Preceptor.] 

Preceptor. — Whom  have  you  in  charge  ? 

Guide. — Master  ,  who  has  been  duly 

introduced  into  this  school  and  properly  instructed, 
and  who  now  desires  to  be  initiated,  provided  his 
comprehension  of  the  teachings  of  our  religion,  of  his 
duties  as  a  Jew  and  of  the  mission  of  the  Auxiliary 
entitles  him  to  this  privilege. 

Preceptor. — Are  you  still  earnest  in  this  desire, 
and  firm  in  your  purpose  to  support,  promote  and  de- 
fend the  good  cause  for  which  the  Auxiliary  is  in- 
stituted ? 

Candidate. — I  am. 

[The  Preceptor  gives  the  signal  to  be  seated.] 

Preceptor.— As  we  leave  the  years  of  childhood, 
and  enter  upon  a  more  important  period  of  life,  we 
begin  to  realize  that  this  world  is  something  more 
than  a  play  ground,  and  to  perceive  that  it  is  a  vast  field 
where  truth  and  fiction,  wisdom  and  folly,  good  and 
evil  present  themselves  to  us;  our  success  depending 
upon  our  own  choice  to  accept  the  good  and  reject  the 
evil.  But  mortal  man,  and  especially  when  of  imma- 
ture age,  is  too  feeble  to  reject  at  all  times  evil  in- 


—  17  — 

fluences  and  temptations;  too  weak  to  travel  alone  on 
the  road  of  life  without  stumbling.  We  must  look  to 
the  Sustainer  of  all  for  strength  and  for  help.  I^et  us 
therefore  bow  in  love  and  reverence  to  God,  and  offer 
words  of  praise  and  prayer. 

[The  Preceptor  gives  the  signal  to  rise.  ] 

Mentor. — Father  in  heaven,  we  tremble  in  fear 
and  doubt  when  we  unfold  the  meaning  of  ''youth'' 
and  realize  the  multitude  of  mighty  influences  which 
bear  upon  youth's  period !  When  we  look  out  upon 
life,  with  all  its  changing  seasons,  its  grave  duties  and 
its  lurking  temptations,  we  ask  ourselves:  ''  How  shall 
we  cross  safely  the  perilous  seas  of  life  which  carry 
away  many  a  careless  sailor  from  the  port  of  safety  ?" 
But  our  doubts  and  fears  are  lulled  by  Thy  paternal 
voice,  which  echoes  and  re-echoes  in  the  soul  within 
us,  assuring  us  Thy  guidance  and  protection,  as  we 
steer  our  course  of  noble  manhood  toward  the 
glimpses  of  Thy  light.  We,  therefore,  like  helpless 
children,  reach  out  our  feeble  hands  to  Thee,  O 
Father,  praying  for  help  and  strength.  We  beseech 
Thee,  direct  our  way  to  duty  and  virtue,  inspire  our 
hearts  with  faith  and  hope,  and  enlighten  our  minds 
with  wisdom  and  truth.  Preserve  within  us,  O 
God,  every  earnest  emotion  now  alive  in  our  hearts 
and  let  this  school  of  inexperienced  youths  grow  and 
develop  into  a  powerful,  truth-promoting  fraternity. 
Amen. 


—  i8  — 

[The  Preceptor  gives  the  signal  to  be  seated.] 

PrkckpTor. — Are  you  ready  to  make  an  open  decla- 
ration to  this  school  of  your  understanding  of  Judaism 
and  your  belief  in  its  teachings;  of  what  you  under- 
stand by  the  mission  of  the  Order  of  B'nai  B'rith; 
and  of  your  readiness  to  obey  the  laws  of  this  school  ? 

Candidate. — I  am. 

PrKCKpTor. — Then  you  will  please  proceed. 

Candidate's  Dkci.aration. 

[Recited  from  memory.] 

Judaism  is  the  religion  of  unity  and  humanity,  based 
upon  the  sacred  scriptures  and  Jewish  traditions.  Its 
forms  may  change, — its  essence  never.  Judaism 
teaches  the  existence  of  a  God,  who  alone  by  His  wis- 
dom created,  and  who  alone  sustains  and  governs,  the 
universe  in  justice  and  in  truth.  God  is  One,  eternal 
and  wholly  spiritual.  Mortal  man,  with  his  limited 
knowledge,  can  only  understand  God's  work,  but 
never  the  ways  of  His  working.  Man  can  only  know 
and  feel  that  God  exists,  but  never  comprehend  the 
nature  of  His  existence. 

Judaism  teaches  the  brotherhood  of  man.  All  men 
are  created  in  the  image  of  God.  All  mankind  are 
common  children  of  one  Father.  Each  one  must, 
therefore,  try  to  promote  the  happiness  of  others  by 


—  19    - 

participating  in  their  joy  and  partaking  of  their  sor- 
row. 

Judaism  teaches  the  immortality  of  the  souL 
The  soul,  which  bears  the  stamp  of  God's  image, 
never  dies,  but,  after  separation  from  the  body,  lives 
forever  in  that  state  of  purity  and  glory  prepared  for 
it,  and  by  it,  during  life. 

Judaism  teaches  responsibility  of  conduct.  God  has 
endowed  man  with  freedom  of  will  and  choice  of  ac- 
tion. Man  has  the  power  to  reject  evil  and  accept 
good,  and  must,  therefore,  injustice,  suffer  the  conse- 
quences of  sin  and  enjoy  the  rewards  of  virtue. 

These  are  the  Jewish  teachings  of  God  and  immor- 
tality; of  life  and  conduct.  In  these  teachings  I 
believe. 

I  understand  that  the  mission  of  the  Order  of  B'nai 
B'rith  is  to  promote  the  teachings  of  Judaism  by  pre- 
cept and  example.  I,  therefore,  unreservedly  and 
earnestly  declare  my  desire  to  be  made  a  colleague, 
and  pledge  my  assistance  in  so  worthy  and  lofty  a 
cause. 

PrKCKptor. — Your  declaration  is  satisfactory.  You 
will  now  take  that  important  step  which  will  initiate 
you  into  our  lyodge.  You  will  take  upon  yourself  the 
following  obligation: 

[The  Preceptor  gives  the  signal  to  rise,  and  instructs  the  col- 
league to  place  himself  in  the  attitude  of  Faith.] 


20 


'*  I,  ,  do  solemnly  promise  to  observe 

the  laws  and  regulations  of  the  Youths'  Auxiliary,  as 
constituted  by  the  Independent  Order  of  B'nai  B'rith, 
and  the  rules  of  this  I^odge  or  any  other  Lodge  of  the 
Youths'  Auxiliary  of  which  I  may  become  a  colleague. 
I  will  faithfully  discharge  the  duties  that  may  be 
assigned  to  me  as  a  colleague  of  the  Youths'  Auxil- 
iary. I  will  support  Judaism  and  strive  to  promote 
its  teachings.  I  will  endeavor  to  further  the  aims 
and  advance  the  welfare  of  this  Auxiliary  to  the  best 
of  my  ability.  I  faithfully  promise  to  keep  secret  all 
that  I  may  see  or  hear  within  an  Auxiliary  Lodge. 
May  God  assist  me  in  keeping  my  promise." 

[Preceptor  gives  the  signal  to  be  seated.] 

PrKCKptor. — In  the  name  of  this  Lodge,  I  now 
confer  upon  you  the  title  ' '  colleague. ' '  By  this 
name,  we  hail  and  salute  one  another.  The  great 
cause  to  which  we  dedicate  our  efforts,  unites  us  all 
as  colleagues.  With  the  zeal  and  devotion  of  a  col- 
league, you  will  aid  us  in  promoting  the  principles  of 
Duty,  Knowledge  and  Faith,  which  comprise  all  the 
teachings  of  Moses  and  the  prophets,  and  upon  which 
and  for  which  this  school  is  founded. 

[The  candidate  may  now  be  seated.  ] 

Mkntor. — ^Judaism  is  pure  and  simple  and  every 
rite  and  usage  practiced  by  a  body  of  Jews  must 
have  for  its  end  such  worthy  purposes  as  tend  to- 


21  

wards  purifying  the  human  heart  and  elevating  the 
human  soul. 

This  ornamental  crest  is  placed  before  you  in  order 
to  make  a  lasting  impression  upon  your  mind  of  the 
principles  of  our  school,  which  it  so  forcibly  exempli- 
fies. 

The  staff  is  a  symbol  of  the  duties  which  we  owe  to 
God  and  to  man.  Duty  is  the  sovereign  of  all  vir- 
tues and  the  foundation  of  success.  Every  duty  faith- 
fully performed  adds  a  golden  thread  to  the  fabric  of 
our  lives,  woven  in  the  loom  of  time;  every  duty  reck- 
lessly neglected,  leaves  an  irreparable  blemish. 
Equipped  only  with  the  staff  of  duty,  the  patriarch 
Jacob  left  his  parental  home  and  returned  with  riches 
and  fame.  Armed  with  the  staff  of  duty,  and  respon- 
sive to  the  voice  of  God  and  the  cries  of  His  people, 
Moses  subdued  the  mighty  power  of  Egypt  and  com- 
manded the  rushing  streams  of  the  sea. 

Jewish  history  stands  distinguished  in  the  annals  of 
mankind,  because  of  its  remarkable  examples  of  the 
devotion  of  our  fathers  to  Israel's  mission.  Our  his- 
tory is  one  continuous  record  of  heroism  and  martyr- 
dom at  the  post  of  duty.  Therefore,  friend,  what- 
ever avocation  you  may  follow  in  life,  whatever  your 
duties  may  be  in  the  future,  do  not  shrink  from  them, 
but  stand  courageously  and  cheerfully  by  them. 
Consecrate  all  your  powers  to  the  fulfillment  of  your 
duties  to  God,  to  your  parents,  to  your  fellow  men, 
and  to  yourself.  It  will  lead  you  to  an  honorable, 
dignified  and  exalted  manhood. 


22  

The  ark  reminds  us  of  the  ark  of  the  covenant  in 
the  sanctuary  of  the  temple,  containing  the  holy 
tablets.  It  symbolizes  knowledge,  which  may  be  at- 
tained by  the  child  of  the  poor  as  well  as  of  the  rich. 
Our  sages  say:  an  Am  Ha' Areiz — ''An  ignoramus 
cannot  be  pious."  In  order  to  know  how  to  serve 
God,  we  must  possess  a  knowledge  of  our  sacred 
scriptures,  of  our  wonderful  history  and  of  the  indis- 
soluble covenant  which  links  us  to  God.  In  order 
to  be  a  loyal  citizen  we  must  know  the  history  of 
our  country,  we  must  appreciate  the  blessings  of 
freedom  and  understand  the  excellence  of  our  gov- 
ernment. In  order  to  be  a  useful  and  helpful  member 
of  society,  we  must  learn  that  all  the  advantag;es  of 
life  which  each  one  separately  enjoys  are  the  blessed 
result  of  organized  society;  that  an  individual  when 
isolated  from  his  neighbors  is  helpless  and  unsafe;  and 
that  selfishness  means  a  sinful  denial  of  the  indebted- 
ness we  owe  to  others.  To  be  dutiful  to  our  parents, 
we  must  realize  that  whatever  we  are  is  due  to  them, 
and  should  cultivate  a  high  appreciation  of  the  count- 
less sacrifices  they  have  made  for  us.  To  be  dutiful 
to  ourselves  we  should  learn  that  the  steps  upon  which 
we  ascend  to  any  honorable  station,  are  built  of  our 
own  energies,  well  applied;  our  own  faculties,  well 
cultivated;  our  own  powers,  well  directed.  Therefore, 
friend,  strive  with  all  your  might  to  gain  the  crown 
of  knowledge.  Not  until  Moses  had  placed  his  hand 
upon  Joshua  and  filled  him  with  the  spirit  of  wivSdom, 
did  he  find  him  fit  to  assume  the  responsibility  of  a 


~  23  — 

leader.  Likewise,  not  until  you  treasure  all  the  valu- 
able lessons  of  home,  of  synagogue  and  of  school,  and 
carry  them  into  your  daily  life,  are  you  prepared  to 
venture  upon  your  own  resources  with  hope  of  suc- 
cess. Endeavor,  therefore,  to  fill  the  sacred  ark  of 
your  heart  with  the  tablets  of  knowledge,  and  adorn 
your  mind  with  gems  of  wisdom. 

This  mitre  of  the  high  priest,  which  was  the  most 
distinctive  token  of  priestly  rank,  is  symbolic  of  faith, 
of  trust  in  God  and  of  confidence  in  his  justice  and 
mercy.  This  blue  band,  bearing  the  inscription 
''Holiness  to  the  Lord",  is  emblematic  of  Heaven 
and  its  mysteries,  inaccessible  to  mortal  man,  however 
wise  he  may  be.  Religious  faith  is  that  secrecy  of 
the  human  soul  which  cannot  be  interpreted  by  rea- 
son, and  that  support  of  the  human  heart  which  can- 
not be  supplanted  by  knowledge.  As  the  streaming 
rays  of  the  spring's  sun  infuse  a  new  life  into  frown- 
ing nature  and  spread  a  smile  upon  her  face,  so  dees 
the  radiance  of  faith  enkindle  our  affections  and  in- 
spire our  energies. 

Faith  rendered  Abraham  worthy  of  Heaven's  cove- 
nant, made  him  father  of  God's  chosen  people,  and 
brought  his  name  down  to  all  generations  in  reverence. 
Therefore,  friend,  above  all  cultivate  unshaken  faith 
in  God,  reliance  upon  His  mercy  and  submission  to 
His  will,  and  your  heart  will  always  be  guarded  by 
God's  spirit  against  the  whisper  of  evil  dreams. 

These  are  the  three  principles  upon  which  this 
school    is   founded,    and  which  as   a   member  of  the 


—  24  — 

Youths'  Auxiliary,  you   pledge  yourself  to  promote 
by  applying  them  to  your  life  and  to  your  conduct. 
ViCK  Preceptor. — My  colleague,  the  password  of 

the  Auxiliary  is "  to  work  and  to 

keep."  These  were  the  conditions  upon  which  man 
was  admitted  into  God's  paradise  on  earth.  He  was 
admonished  to  observe  these  conditions,  for  upon  their 
observance  depended  man's  harvest  of  wholesome  fruit 
from  the  life-producing  tree  of  virtue.  Now,  my  col- 
league, applying  this  Biblical  lesson  to  ourselves,  we 
must  look  upon  this  world  as  God's  Paradise,  abound- 
ing with  brilliant  opportunities  for  material  success, 
spiritual  elevation  and  intellectual  attainments.  But 
as  we  are  about  to  reach  out  for  these  precious  gifts, 
the  divine  voice  within  us  admonishes  us,  ''  Remem- 
ber those  conditions" "to  work 

and  to  keep."  Kkkp  and  preserve  in  reverence 
the  good  lessons  taught  you  in  youth  and  the  in- 
fluences which  surrounded  you  in  childhood.  Next, 
Work;  which  means,  that  you  extend  the  scope  of 
3^our  knowledge,  widen  your  sphere  of  usefulness  and 
through  proper  spiritual  and  intellectual  forces  rise  to 
loftier  heights  of  moral  and  religious  perfection.  This 
is  the  divine  voice  which  speaks  to  us  all,  and  to 
which  you  as  a  Jewish  youth  and  a  colleague  should 
pay  proper  heed.  You  are  asked  to  join  us  in  our 
efforts:  First,  to  preserve  in  reverence  the  memory  of 
Israel's  past  achievements.  Second,  to  contribute 
towards  a  realization  of  our  hopes  for  a  future  in  which 
''Iviberty"  shall  be  the  ruling  spirit  in  every  land. 


—  25  — 

^* Peace"  the  motto  of  every  nation,  and  "lyove"  the 
watchword  of  every  heart. 

Preceptor. — The  signal  for  admission,  which  must 

be  given  outside  of  the  door  of  the  lyodge,  is 

This  signal  must  be  given  at  the  door  of  the  lodge- 
room,  and  the  password  communicated  to  the  Inner 
Sentinel,  through  the  aperture  in  the  door. 

In  visiting  a  sister  lyOdge,  in  addition  to  the  signal 
of  admission  and  the  password,  3^our  name,  and  that 
of  the  Lodge  of  which  you  are  a  colleague,  must  be 
given. 

This is  the  signal  of  salutation. 

On  entering  the  lyodge  or  leaving  it,  you  are  re- 
quired to  give  to  the  Preceptor  the  sign  of  salutation 

This  is  to  remind  us  of  Duty,  Knowledge  and  Faith, 
The  signal  of  recognition,  wherever  you  may  meet 

a  colleague,  is  given  in  this  manner  

This  is  the  signal  for  the  brethren  to  rise. 

This is  the  signal  for  them  to  be  seated. 

And  this  also  calls  the  colleagues  to  order. 

Preceptor. — My  colleague,  the  initiation  is  now 
ended,  and  nothing  remains  for  you  to  do  in  order  to 
become  a  member  of  this  Lodge,  except  to  step  up  to 
the  Secretary's  desk  and  attach  your  signature  to  our 
By-I<aws.  However,  before,  doing  so,  I  will  introduce 
you  to  the  colleagues  present. 

[Here  follows  au  introduction  of  the  newly  initiated  col- 
league. 1 


INSTALLATION  OF  OFFICERS 


[The  officers  of  a  Lodge  may  be  installed  in  public;  the  signs 
must,  however,  be  omitted  upon  such  occasion.  The  instal- 
lation must  be  conducted  by  members  of  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners of  the  Youths'  Auxiliary;  by  the  District  Deputy  if 
there  be  no  resident  Commissioner,  or  by  any  one  designated 
by  the  General  Committee.  The  installing  officer  may  appoint 
his  assistants  from  among  the  colleagues.  The  installing 
officers,  on  entering  the  lodge-room,  step  to  the  center  and  give 
the  salutation  sign,  in  which  the  colleagues  join,  the  Preceptor 
having  given  the  signal  to  rise,  the  moment  the  doors  opened 
for  their  admission.  It  is  presumed  the  installing  officer  has 
previously  given  the  signal  for  admission  and  been  properly- 
announced  by  the  Inside  Sentinel.] 

Installing  Offickr. — Preceptor,  I  have  the  honor 
as  well  as  the  pleasure  to  present  myself  as  your  in- 
stalling officer.  Are  the  officers  of  your  Lodge  for 
the  ensuing  term  legally  elected,  and  are  they  ready 
to  enter  upon  the  discharge  of  their  duties  ? 

Preceptor. — They  are. 

Installing  Officer. — Then  the  officers  who  have 
until  now  so  faithfully  performed  their  respective 
duties  will  consider  their  term  ended,  divest  them- 
selves of  the  insignia  of  office  and  retire  from  their 
stations,  with  the  thanks  of  the  General  Committee. 
You,  worthy  Preceptor,  in  consideration  of  the  zeal 
and  activity  you  have  evinced  during  your  term  of 
office  are  to  be  rewarded  with  the  honorary  position 
of  Mentor  of  this  lyodge.  Permit  me  to  express  the 
hope  that  with  your  retirement  from  the  exalted  posi- 


—  27  — 

tion  of  Preceptor  your  zeal  for  our  Order  will  not 
diminish,  but  that  you  will  adorn  the  position  you  are 
about  to  assume  by  continued  fidelity  and  watchfulness. 
You  may  now  repair  to  your  station. 

[The  installing  officer  takes  the  chair  and  gives  the  signal  to 
be  seated.  The  assistants  seat  themselves  to  the  right  and  left 
of  the  chair.  ] 

iNSTAiviyiNG  Officer. — Colleagues,  do  you  know  of 
any  reason  why  the  officer s-elect  should  not  be  in- 
stalled ? 

[The  installing  officer  then  appoints  one  of  his  assistants  as 
Master  of  Ceremonies,  whose  duty  it  is  to  present  the  officers, 
as  he  is  instructed  to  do,  and  conduct  each  to  his  station  after 
he  has  received  his  charge.] 

Instai.i,ing  Officer. — ^Master  of  Ceremonies,  you 
will  now  introduce  the  Preceptor- elect  for  installation. 

Master  of  Ceremonies. — I  have  the  pleasure  of 

introducing  our  worthy  colleague  ,  whom 

Lodge  desires  as  its  Preceptor  for  the 

ensuing  term. 

Instai,i.ing  Officer. — I  congratulate  you  upon  this 
evidence  of  love  and  respect  on  the  part  of  your 
colleagues.  You  will  now  place  yourself  in  the  at- 
titude of  ' '  Faith' '  and  repeat  my  words. 

[Gives  the  signal  to  rise.] 


—  28  — 

I,  ,  promise  to  discharge  the  duties  per- 
taining to  the  office  of  Preceptor  of  this  Lodge  for  the 
ensuing  term,  in  a  conscientious  manner,  to  the  best 
of  my  ability.  I  further  promise  to  observe  the  I^aws 
and  Ritual  of  the  Auxiliary  and  to  enforce  all  I^aws 

enacted  by  the  District  Grand  Lodge  No ,  of  the 

the  Independent  Order  of  B'nai  B'rith,  for  the  benefit 
of  and  affecting  the  Auxiliary.  I  will  decide  impar- 
tially in  all  cases  that  may  come  before  the  Lodge. 

I  will  also  take  care  of  the  Charter  of  the  Lodge 
and  of  the  books  ^n  which  the  Ritual  is  contained,  and 
will  not  make  any  improper  use  of  them,  or  allow  any 
one  else  to  do  so.  Should  the  Grand  Lodge  at  any 
time  demand  the  return  of  the  Charter,  I  will  deliver 
the  same,  together  with  the  Ritual  books,  and  all 
other  property  of  the  Lodge  which  may  be  in  my  pos- 
session, to  any  one  designated  by  the  General  Com- 
mittee to  receive  the  same.  Finally,  I  promise  to 
foster  Duty,  cherish  Knowledge,  and  champion  our 
holy  Faith. 

Instai,i.ing  Officer. — My  colleague,  the  promise 
you  have  given  is  accepted  as  a  pledge  of  good  faith. 
I  now  invest  you  with  the  insignia  of  your  exalted 
station,  and  though  it  may  remind  you  of  your  au- 
thority never  allow  vain  pride  to  possess  you  to  the 
exclusion  of  nobler  feelings.  Master  of  Ceremonies, 
you  may  now  assist  the  newly  installed  Preceptor  to 
ascend  to  his  station. 


—  29  — 

[The  Master  of  Ceremonies  does  as  directed,  the  installing 
ofl&cer  gives  the  signal  to  be  seated  and  the  Preceptor  takes 
the  chair.] 

Instai^IvIng  Officer. — Master  of  Ceremonies,  you 
will  now  introduce  to  me  the  Vice  Preceptor,  and 
Guide-elect. 

Master  OF  Ceremonies. — I  have  the  pleasure  of 

introducing  Master ,  the  Vice  Preceptor  and 

Master ,  the  Guide-elect. 

InstalIvING  Officer. — It  is  your  duty,  Vice  Pre- 
ceptor, to  assist  the  Preceptor,  to  officiate  in  his  ab- 
sence and  to  impress  the  candidate  during  his  intro- 
duction in  the  most  solemn  manner  with  the  princi- 
ples, aims  and  objects  of  the  Auxiliary. 

It  is  your  duty,  Guide,  to  introduce  the  candidate, 
to  act  as  his  guide  and  teacher,  and  in  every  way  be 
the  interpreter  of  his  desires  and  wishes. 

Do  you  obligate  yourselves  to  perform  these  duties  ? 

Both  Officers. — We  do. 

InstaIvI^ing  Officer. — It  is  sufficient.  Master  of 
Ceremonies,  invest  them  with  the  insignia  of  office  and 
escort  them  to  their  stations. 

Instai^IvIng  Officer. — Master  of  Ceremonies,  you 
will  now  introduce  to  me  the  Secretaries  and  Treasurer- 
elect. 

Master  of  Ceremonies. — I  have  the  pleasure  of 
introducing  Master ,  the  Recording  Sec- 
retary, Master ,  the  Financial  Secretary, 

and  Master  ,  the  Treasurer-elect. 


—  30  — 

INSTAI.I.ING  Offickr. — It  is  your  duty  as  Record- 
ing Secretary  to  keep  the  minutes  of  the  I^odge,  attend 
to  its  correspondence,  submit  every  communication 
addressed  to  you  as  Secretary  to  the  lyodge  for  its 
disposition  and  perform  all  other  duties  required  of 
you  by  the  lyodge.  You  are  to  guard  faithfully  the 
seal  of  the  lyodge  and  to  see  that  the  same  be  used 
only  as  ordered  by  the  lyodge. 

[If  the  offices  of  Recording  and  Financial  Secretary  be  com- 
bined in  one  person,  the  installing  officer  will  continue.] 

As  Financial  Secretary  it  will  also  be  your  duty  to 
keep  the  accounts,  etc.,  etc. 

[Otherwise  he  says:] 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  Financial  Secretary  to  keep  the 
accounts  between  the  I^odge  and  its  members,  and  to 
have  them  always  in  such  a  condition  as  to  show  at 
any  time  the  state  of  indebtedness  of  each  member;  to 
receive  all  moneys  in  the  Lodge,  and  to  deliver  them 
at  once  to  the  Treasurer,  taking  his  receipt  therefor. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  Treasurer  to  keep  the  funds  of 
the  Ivodge,  to  pay  all  orders  duly  signed,  and  keep  an 
accurate  account  between  himself  and  the  Lodge.  At 
the  end  of  his  term  of  office  he  must  deliver  to  his 
successor  all  the  property  of  the  Lodge  then  in  his 
possession. 

Do  you  obligate  yourselves  to  perform  these  duties  ? 

Officers. — We  do. 


—  31  — 

INSTAI.I.ING  Officer. — It  is  sufficient.  Master  of 
Ceremonies,  invest  them  with  the  insignia  of  office 
and  escort  them  to  their  stations. 

Instai^IvING  Officer. — Master  of  Ceremonies,  you 
will  now  introduce  to  me  the  Levites-elect. 

Master  of  Ceremonies — I  have  the  pleasure  of 

introducing  to  you  Masters and , 

lycvites-elect. 

Instai,i,ing  Officer. — In  the  time  of  the  Temple 
at  Jerusalem  the  descendants  of  the  tribe  of  lyCvi  were 
privileged  to  act  as  attendants  in  the  sanctuary.  They 
trimmed  the  lamps,  prepared  the  altars  and  otherwise 
watched  that  everything  about  the  place  was  kept  in 
order.  In  like  manner  wnll  it  be  your  duty,  as  lyCvites 
of  this  lyodge,  to  see  the  room  properly  prepared 
either  for  a  business  meeting  or  initiation.  You  are 
also  to  conduct  the  balloting  for  a  candidate,  and  in 
every  way  respond  to  the  call  of  either  the  Preceptor 
or  his  assistant,  the  Vice  Preceptor. 

Are  you  willing  to  perform  these  honorable  duties  ? 

Both  Officers. — We  are. 

INSTAI.I.ING  Officer.— It  is  sufficient.  Master  of 
Ceremonies,  invest  them  with  the  insignia  of  office, 
and  escort  them  to  their  stations. 

INSTAI.I.ING  Officer.— Master  of  Ceremonies,  you 
will  now  introduce  to  me  the  Inner  and  Outer 
Sentinels-elect. 

Master  of  Ceremonies. — I  have  now  the  pleasure 
of  introducing  to  you  Master  ,  the  Inner 


_  32  — 

Sentinel,  and  Master ,  the  Outer  Sentinel- 
elect. 

InstaIvIvIng  Officer.— It  is  the  duty  of  the  Inner 
Sentinel  to  guard  the  door  against  intruders,  allow  no 
one  to  enter  unless  he  knows  him  to  be  either  a  col- 
league in  good  standing,  or  he  be  vouched  for  as  a 
Ben  B'rith.  lyikewise  is  he  not  permitted  to  allow 
any  one  to  depart,  without  that  individual  having 
first  given  the  sign  to  the  Preceptor. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  Outer  Sentinel  to  guard  the 
outside  door,  preserve  order  in  the  ante-room,  caution 
those  who  enter  the  I^odge  room  during  the  cere- 
monies of  introduction  or  initiation  from  giving  the 
salutation  sign,  and  otherwise  perform  such  duties  as 
are  required  of  him  by  the  Preceptor  and  the  lyodge. 
Are  you  willing  to  perform  these  duties  ? 

Both  Officers. — We  are. 

INSTAI.I.ING  Officer. — It  is  sufficient.  Master  of 
Ceremonies,  invest  them  with  the  insignia  of  office  and 
escort  them  to  their  stations. 

[If  Trustees  are  to  be  installed.] 

InstaIvIvING  Officer.— Master  of  Ceremonies,  you 
will  now  introduce  to  me  the  Trustees-elect. 

Master  of  Ceremonies. — I  have  the  pleasure  of 
introducing  to  you  colleagues  ,  Trustees- 
elect. 

iNSTAi^iyiNG  Officer. — Colleagues,  the  position  of 
Trustee  is  one  of  honor  and  confidence.     Your  elec- 


—  33  — 

tion,  therefore,  testifies  to  the  high  esteem  in  which 
you  are  held  by  the  colleagues  of  this  Lodge.  It  will  be 
your  duty  to  be  the  guardians  of  their  surplus  funds, 
to  invest  the  same  to  the  best  advantage,  after  having 
counseled  with  the  colleagues  as  to  the  best  policy  to 
pursue  and  acquired  their  consent. 

Are  you  willing  to  undertake  the  parental  care  of 
this  lyodge? 

Trustees. — We  are. 

INSTAI.I.ING  Officer. — Then  consider  yourselves 
duly  authorized  from  this  moment  to  act  in  the  capa- 
city for  which  you  were  elected.  You  may  take  your 
seats. 

[Turning  to  the  Preceptor,  who  rises  from  his*  seat.] 

Preceptor,  I  now  confide  to  your  care  the  charter 
of  this  Lodge,  and  the  books  in  which  the  ritual  is 
contained.  I^ast,  but  by  no  means  least,  do  I  present 
you  with  this  emblem  of  authority.  Use  it  with  im- 
partiality and  moderation. 

[The  Preceptor,  having  received  the  gavel,  gives  the  signal  to 
rise.] 

I  now  declare  the  officers  of Auxiliary 

Lodge,  No ,    for  the  ensuing  term,  duly  installed, 

according  to  law. 

[Signal  to  be  seated.] 

[Addresses  may  now  be  delivered  by  the  installing  officers 
and  colleagues.] 


RETURN    CIRCULATION  DEPARTMENT 
T0«-^    202  Main  Library 


LOAN  PERIOD  1 
HOME  USE 

2                .    •    ; 

3 

4 

5                               ( 

b 

ALL  BOOKS  MAY  BE  RECALLED  AFTER  7  DAYS 

Renewals  and  Recharges  may  be  made  4  days  prior  to  the  due  date. 

Books  may  be  Renewed  by  calling        642-3405 

DUE  AS  STAMPED  BELOW 

SErrroNiLL 

JAN  22  1996 

U.C.BERKELEY 

FORM  NO.  DD6 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  BERKELEY 
BERKELEY,  CA  94720 


B'nai  B'rihh,  Independenjb 
orddr  of*  D|L3triot  grand 
lodge  no. 4. 
Duty,  knowlbdge  and  faith 


S3B63 
1895 


n 

o 


■424 1 


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